Stanford scientists working to develop broad-spectrum antiviral drug
There are currently no vaccines or antiviral drugs for many of the most troubling viruses, in part because of the traditional one drug/one bug strategy to developing antiviral drugs. Stanford scientists are developing a new approach that could help identify drug pathways that could be effective across entire families of viruses.
By Bjorn Carey
When a virus infects a person, it hijacks the body's natural processes in order to fuel its rampage.
A pair of Stanford scientists aims to turn this strength into a weakness and develop what could become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.
Most antiviral drugs are concocted to act against a specific viral protein. As such, they usually provide a "one drug/one bug" approach.
Courtesy of Shirit Einav
Shirit Einav
"Penicillin can kill many types of bacteria, but most antiviral drugs work only against one virus, and sometimes a single subtype of a virus," said Shirit Einav, an assistant professor of medicine and of microbiology and immunology at Stanford School of Medicine.
Additionally, targeting viral proteins is problematic; viruses can mutate quickly, and a single change in the viral sequence can render it fully resistant to the drug.
"With the exception of HIV, we still have very few antiviral drugs to offer patients with viral infections, and even those are often quite limited," Einav said. "No approved antiviral drugs or vaccines are available for emerging viruses, such as dengue, which pose major challenges to global health."
Viruses live within our cells and rely upon host cell machineries in order to replicate. Instead of targeting the virus directly, the solution, Einav said, may be to instead interfere with host cell proteins that are utilized by multiple viruses. "We treat diabetes and hypertension by targeting host proteins, so why not viral infections?" Einav said.
With support from Stanford's Bio-X Interdisciplinary Initiatives Program (Bio-X IIP), Einav and Stephen Quake, a professor of bioengineering, have developed a process of identifying human proteins that wide families of viruses depend on for their success.
The initial focus of the work has involved identifying host proteins that, if knocked out, could inhibit both hepatitis C virus and HIV. This requires combing through incredibly large libraries of thousands of proteins, and a careful understanding of their role in both the virus and the host.
Photo - L.A. Cicero
Stephen QuakeTo find the needle in the haystack, Quake and Einav have developed a high-fidelity platform that uses microfluidic chips created by Quake to express small amounts of a wide variety of host and viral proteins, and screens for direct interactions between them.
Once the researchers discover a positive protein interaction between virus and host, they knock out the corresponding host gene in an infected cell to determine if the protein plays a vital role in the virus' life cycle. If it does, they then investigate whether other viruses require this protein.
In just a year, the researchers have shown that this approach can accurately identify host proteins or pathways that play critical roles in multiple infections by unrelated viruses. Based primarily on this work, the researchers are building a catalog of such overlapping host proteins that represent potential attractive targets for broad-spectrum antivirals.
The Einav lab has also produced proof-of-concept evidence that repurposing already approved drugs targeting host proteins required by multiple viruses can lead to the development of broad-spectrum host-centered antiviral approaches with activity against hepatitis C virus and HIV, as well as the currently untreatable dengue and ebola viruses.
"We have to make sure that the single targeted protein is absolutely crucial to multiple viruses," Einav said. "At the same time, we need to make sure that the drug that inhibits this host protein is safe. As long as viral replication is inhibited at a drug level that is not toxic and allows the host cell to function as close to normal as possible, this could work.
"This is just the beginning, but the more we look, the more we find."
Since 2000, Bio-X has provided funding for interdisciplinary projects that have the potential to improve human health in innovative ways. Bio-X seed grants have funded 141 research collaborations connecting hundreds of faculty. The proof-of-concept projects have produced hundreds of scientific publications, dozens of patents and more than a tenfold return on research funds to Stanford.
"Bio-X has really made this possible for me," Einav said. "I'm a new assistant professor, and this is essentially defined as discovery-based research, which is very difficult to get funded by conventional funding mechanisms. Many funding agencies want you to catch, prepare and cook the fish, and they will provide you funding just before you take the first bite. So to get early-stage funding for high-risk but high-reward research like this is really quite remarkable."
Media Contact
Shirit Einav, Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine: seinav@stanford.edu
Bjorn Carey, Stanford News Service: (650) 725-1944, bccarey@stanford.edu
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/september/einav-quake-antiviral-092613.html
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