Wednesday, April 17, 2013

IL28B testing in a rapidly changing world: Still relevant?

IL28B testing in a rapidly changing world: Still relevant?

Editorials

Journal of Hepatology
Volume 58, Issue 5 , Pages 847-849, May 2013

Lindsay Y. King , Raymond T. Chung Corresponding Author
Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Received 22 January 2013; received in revised form 8 February 2013; accepted 11 February 2013. published online 15 February 2013.
See Article, pages 883–889

In 2009, a now seminal genome wide association study led to the discovery of a nucleotide polymorphism, rs12979860, upstream of the interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene. The CC IL28B genotype was associated with an over twofold improvement in response to treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR) in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [1]. In an intention-to-treat analysis evaluating on-treatment virologic response and sustained virologic response (SVR) in a large cohort of genotype 1 HCV infected patients, the CC IL28B genotype was associated with an improved SVR in Caucasians of 69% as compared to 33% for the CT and 27% for the TT genotypes. These findings were similar across other ethnic groups. The CC IL28B genotype was the strongest pretreatment predictor of SVR. Rapid virologic response (RVR) was a strong predictor of SVR regardless of IL28B genotype, and in non-RVR patients, the CC IL28B genotype was associated with a higher rate of SVR [2]. Given the lack of alternative therapies, the multiple side effects of dual therapy, and the prolonged course of treatment with overall low rates of cure, IL28B testing held promise as a prime example of applying pharmacogenomics to the planning of antiviral therapy. However, the discovery came at a time when HCV treatment was undergoing significant evolution with the development of direct acting antiviral (DAA) agents.

In 2011, the first generation HCV protease inhibitors, telaprevir, and boceprevir, were approved in combination with PR for genotype 1 HCV infection. With a nearly twofold increase in SVR compared to PR alone, the utility of IL28B genotyping could be called into question. Would the improved outcome for all comers accompanying telaprevir and boceprevir effectively nullify the predictive value of IL28B genotype? Or, could IL28B genotyping be used to determine which patients should succeed equally well receiving standard dual therapy versus triple therapy, especially given the cost of the DAAs? Could IL28B genotyping identify those patients who could receive an abbreviated course of therapy or could this question be answered with on-treatment virologic milestones alone? While IL28B genotyping was not available during the prospective randomized trials for the initial DAAs, retrospective analysis of those patients who consented for genetic testing has been performed.

In a retrospective analysis of those patients who consented to genetic testing in two large boceprevir trials for treatment naïve (SPRINT-2 [3]) and treatment experienced (RESPOND-2 [4]) patients, the main role for IL28B genotyping was in the prediction of those patients who could receive a shorter duration of therapy in the response guided therapy groups. In the SPRINT-2 trial, in which patients were randomized to 4weeks of PR lead-in followed by 44weeks of boceprevir and PR, a response guided therapy group, in which all patients received a 4week PR lead-in and then boceprevir and PR for an additional 24weeks, with an additional 20weeks of PR if the viral load was detectable between weeks 8 and 24, or 48weeks of PR alone, SVR rates for the favorable IL28B CC patients were high regardless of treatment arm (78% for PR alone, 82% for boceprevir response guided therapy group, and 80% for boceprevir/PR 48week group). IL28B genotype was independently associated with the outcome of boceprevir based therapy. When interferon responsiveness, defined as a 1log10 decline in HCV viral load at week 4 was added to the multivariable logistic regression model, IL28B genotype was no longer a significant predictor of SVR, indicating that on-treatment viral kinetics are the functional equivalent of IL28B genotype. Low baseline viral load, absence or cirrhosis, HCV subtype 1b, and lower BMI did remain significant predictors of SVR. For previously treated patients, IL28B genotype was not a significant predictor of overall SVR; only a 1log10 decline in week 4 HCV viral load and prior response category, previous relapse versus previous non-response, were significant. Again, more patients in the CC category were eligible for a shortened duration of therapy [5].

There had been more limited data for the role of IL28B genotyping in patients receiving telaprevir. IL28B in telaprevir treatment naïve patients was evaluated retrospectively in 42% of patients in the ADVANCE [6] study population. Only Caucasians were included in this analysis. Since genotyping was performed in de-identified specimens, no formal statistical analysis was performed and other clinical and demographic data such as viral load and fibrosis stage were not evaluated. Rates of SVR in the telaprevir group were higher than in the PR group among all patients (CC and non-CC). Again, the presence of the IL28B CC genotype identified patients who were eligible for a shortened duration of therapy (those that achieved extended RVR (eRVR) as defined by undetectable HCV RNA at weeks 4 and 12). However, as with boceprevir, on-treatment viral kinetics were the main predictor of SVR, since SVR rates were excellent in all patients who achieved eRVR regardless of IL28B genotype. Ninety one percent of those telaprevir-treated eRVR patients achieved SVR (97% CC, 88% non-CC) with 24weeks of therapy, whereas only 45% of non-eRVR telaprevir patients had SVR with 48weeks of therapy. Among non-EVR patients, IL28B testing had more utility, as SVR was higher in CC (67%) as compared to non-CC (38%) patients [7]. In a sub analysis of the PROVE2 trial [8] in which non-cirrhotic treatment naïve HCV genotype 1 patients were randomized to 12weeks of telaprevir and PR, 12weeks of telaprevir, PR and an additional 12weeks of PR, 12weeks of telaprevir and PegIFN alone, or 48weeks of PR, 100% (12/12) of the genotype CC patients achieved an SVR with only 12weeks of telaprevir and PR [9], suggesting that patients with IL28B CC genotype may be eligible for an even shorter course of therapy than described in the ADVANCE trial.

In their sub analysis of the REALIZE study, Pol et al. provide us with the missing piece of the puzzle on the role of IL28B testing in the current era of triple therapy. They evaluated the impact of IL28B genotype on SVR in telaprevir-treated HCV genotype 1 infected patients who had previously failed treatment with PR, including null responders. In the REALIZE study, 662 patients were randomized to 12weeks of telaprevir with or without a 4week PR lead in or placebo, each with PegIFN-α-2a and ribavirin for 48weeks overall [10]. Eighty percent of the subjects consented to genetic testing and were included in this retrospective analysis. Since the original trial showed no significant difference between the two telaprevir arms, these groups were pooled for this study. SVR rates were higher in patients who received telaprevir vs. placebo for all IL28B genotypes, CC 79% vs. 29%, CT 60% vs. 16% and TT 61% vs. 13%. SVR rates were similar irrespective of IL28B genotype for prior relapsers and prior partial responders. For prior null responders, SVR rates were slightly higher for the IL28B CC genotype than for non-CCs. In multivariable modeling, IL28B genotype did not significantly affect SVR. Prior response category, did however significantly affect SVR [11]. Thus, from this informative analysis, we can conclude that there is a limited utility for IL28B testing in treatment experienced patients being considered for telaprevir therapy, especially those patients who have well defined prior treatment courses.

Taken together, the results of the retrospective analyses of the REALIZE, ADVANCE, SPRINT-2, RESPOND-2, and PROVE2 trials indicate a limited role for IL28B genotyping. For treatment naïve patients, the role of genotyping would appear to be limited to encouraging those patients contemplating triple therapy to undertake treatment because they would have a high likelihood of requiring an abbreviated course of therapy. Interestingly, cost effectiveness modeling studies have suggested that for those with the CC genotype, dual PR therapy may be more cost effective [12], [13]. This, however, depends on the cost of the DAAs. For treatment experienced patients whose prior treatment courses have been well defined in terms of quantitative HCV reduction, there is no clear role for IL28B genotyping, since their interferon responsiveness has already been defined. IL28B genotyping may be more helpful in counseling those patients whose prior treatment courses have not been well defined. Overall, though, on-treatment kinetics will still be the most valuable predictor of response in addition to other known clinical variables, such as absence of cirrhosis and pretreatment viral load.

While these analyses are useful in clarifying the role for IL28B in triple therapy, as we enter 2013, they are about to again be supplanted by all oral interferon-free DAA regimens. What role will there be for IL28B genotyping in the era of interferon-free regimens? This question has been studied prospectively. In the SOUND-C2 study, the efficacy and safety of interferon-free combination regimens of faldaprevir, an NS3/4A protease inhibitor and BI207127, a non-nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor, with or without ribavirin in 362 genotype 1 HCV treatment-naïve patients were evaluated. Of interest, IL28B genotype, genotype 1 subtype, and gender were identified as significant baseline predictors of SVR. The difference in response to therapy according to IL28B subtype was confined primarily to 1a, since 1b patients did uniformly well [14]. The finding of a predictive value for IL28B genotype indirectly suggests the contribution of the host innate immune response even to an IFN-sparing all-DAA regimen. Recently Poordad et al., evaluated ABT-450, an NS3 protease inhibitor, boosted with low-dose ritonavir, plus ABT-333, a non-nucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor, and ribavirin in genotype 1 HCV infected patients. For previously untreated patients, up to 95% of patients experienced an SVR 12weeks after the end of treatment, and all previously untreated patients with CT/TT IL28B genotypes experienced SVR [15]. It was also recently shown that the combination of ABT-450/ritonavir with ABT-333 and another DAA, ABT-267, led to an SVR 12weeks after therapy completion in 93% (42/45) of previous null responders despite a high frequency of the non-favorable IL28B non-CC genotype [16]. In a study of the nucleotide polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir and ribavirin, 21/25 previously untreated patients with genotype 1 HCV achieved SVR 24weeks after therapy. 11/25 patients were genotype CC [17]. Thus, while there may be a role for IL28B genotyping in genotype 1a patients for some DAA combinations, emerging data on regimens with very high SVR rates will likely limit IL28B testing to difficult-to-treat-patients or to justification of even more simplified regimens in uncomplicated patients. As treatment options for HCV rapidly unfold, so too must our ability to provide predictive tools that enable us to tailor therapy to the individual patient.

Conflict of interest
The authors declared that they do not have anything to disclose regarding funding or conflict of interest with respect to this manuscript.

References 
  1. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ, Simon JS, Shianna KV, Urban TJ, et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature. 2009;461:399–401
  2. Thompson AJ, Muir AJ, Sulkowski MS, Ge D, Fellay J, Shianna KV, et al. Interleukin-28B polymorphism improves viral kinetics and is the strongest pretreatment predictor of sustained virologic response in genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:e118
  3. Poordad F, McCone J, Bacon BR, Bruno S, Manns MP, Sulkowski MS, et al. Boceprevir for untreated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1195–1206
  4. Bacon BR, Gordon SC, Lawitz E, Marcellin P, Vierling JM, Zeuzem S, et al. Boceprevir for previously treated chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1207–1217
  5. Poordad F, Bronowicki JP, Gordon SC, Zeuzem S, Jacobson IM, Sulkowski MS, et al. Factors that predict response of patients with hepatitis C virus infection to boceprevir. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:608–618e601–e605
  6. Jacobson IM, McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Di Bisceglie AM, Reddy KR, Bzowej NH, et al. Telaprevir for previously untreated chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2405–2416
  7. Jacobson IM, Catlett I, Marcellin P, Bzowej NH, Muir AJ, Adda N, et al. 1369 Telaprevir substantially improved SVR rates across all IL28B genotypes in the advance trial. J Hepatol. 2011;54:S542–S543
  8. Hezode C, Forestier N, Dusheiko G, Ferenci P, Pol S, Goeser T, et al. Telaprevir and peginterferon with or without ribavirin for chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1839–1850
  9. Bronowicki JP, Hezode C, Bengtsson L, Pol S, Bourliere M, Serfaty L, et al. 1094 100% SVR in IL28B CC patients treated with 12 weeks of telaprevir, peginterferon and ribavirin in the PROVE2 trial. J Hepatol. 2012;56:S430–S431
  10. Zeuzem S, Andreone P, Pol S, Lawitz E, Diago M, Roberts S, et al. Telaprevir for retreatment of HCV infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2417–2428
  11. Pol S, Aerssens J, Zeuzem S, Andreone P, Lawitz EJ, Roberts S, et al. Limited impact of IL28B genotype on response rates in telaprevir-treated patients with prior treatment failure. J Hepatol. 2013;58:883–889
  12. Liu S, Cipriano LE, Holodniy M, Owens DK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. New protease inhibitors for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:279–290
  13. Gellad ZFNS, Reed SD, Clark PJ, Thompson AJ, Schulman KA, Muir AJ. The cost-effectiveness of a telaprevir-inclusive regimen as initial therapy for genotype 1 hepatitis C infection in individuals with the C/C IL28B polymorphism. Hepatology. 2011;54:417A;(118)
  14. Zeuzem S, Soriano V, Asselah T, Bronowicki J, Lohse A, Mullhaupt B, et al. Interferon (IFN)-free combination treatment with the HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor BI 201335 and the non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitor BI 207127±ribavirin (R): final results of SOUND-C2 and predictors of response. AASLD abstracts. Hepatology. 2012;56:308A
  15. Poordad F, Lawitz E, Kowdley KV, Cohen DE, Podsadecki T, Siggelkow S, et al. Exploratory study of oral combination antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:45–53
  16. Kowdley KV, Lawitz E, Poordad F, Cohen DE, Nelson DR, Zeuzem S, Everson GT, et al. A 12-week interferon-free treatment regimen with ABT-450/r, ABT-267, ABT-333 and ribavirin achieves SVR12 rates (observed data) of 99% in treatment-naïve patients and 93% in prior null responders with HCV genotype1 infection. Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. 2012. Boston, MA, abstract LB-1.
  17. Gane EJ, Stedman CA, Hyland RH, Ding X, Svarovskaia E, Symonds WT, et al. Nucleotide polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:34–44
Posted by at
File Under , , ,

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)