Waiting for a Liver Transplant: My MELD Score is Low-Now What?
by Dr. Joe Galati on 06/14/2012
Without going into the complex calculations in determining how the MELD score is calculated, simply realize that sicker patients, for most part, have a higher score. As we have discussed in other entries, the MELD score is calculated the patient’s creatinine, bilirubin, INR. These are all laboratory tests that are routinely obtained in our patients with cirrhosis. It has been previously determined that the higher the MELD score, the lower the survival is. Based on this fact, it has been agreed that those patients with the lowest survival rates receive donor livers first. Generally speaking, the MELD score will range between values of 5 through 40. Based on prior research, a MELD score of 40 or greater is associated with a 71% 3 month mortality. In simple terms, this means that there is a 71% chance that an individual will not survive the next 3 months. Similarly, a MELD score between 30-39 as a mortality of 53%, and scores between 20 and 29 have a 20% three-month mortality. Of interest, MELD scores of 15 or less have improved survival and only a 2-6% chance of dying. Many liver transplant programs, based on these survival statistics, preferred not to place patients on the active liver waiting list until there MELD score is 15 or greater. There is some research that suggests transplanting patients with very low MELD score is is associated with a worse outcome, and survival. As we say many times with our patients, being a little sick with cirrhosis and liver disease may not be enough to get you a transplant, but being too sick, with MELD scores greater than 40, may put you in the position where you are too sick to survive with good outcomes.
There is no doubt that we take care of many patients that have a low MELD score, associated with a statistically ok survival, yet they are plagued by numerous incapacitating symptoms. Many of these patients are unable to work, participate in usual family activities, and are constantly visiting their are numerous physicians, having frequent hospital admissions. There is a subset of patients that fall into this category, creating a very frustrating situation for both the patient and their family, as well as for the the physicians, nurses, and surgeons. As I mentioned at the beginning of this entry, this is a great source of anxiety, and regular topic of conversation. Patient’s have a difficult time understanding how they can be so sick, yet they are low on the organ allocations list. Despite their disabilities and frequent hospitalizations, they are very far from receiving a liver transplant. So, what are they to do?
The discussion I have with patients regarding this is usually well received. Unfortunately, there are patients that are frustrated with the system and feel as if they are somehow being discriminated against because of their low MELD score. Time and time again, we explain to the patient and their family how the scoring system works, and the rationale behind. Nobody ever wants to here that there is someone worse off then them, but that this is the very nature the system.
Patients that have a low MELD score need to remain fully engaged with the their health care. They need to remain as physically active as possible, so that they’re able to maintain their strength and physical conditioning. Walking, light exercises with weights, swimming, and general physical activity around their house is key. The important point is that this is done on a regular basis, which ideally would be at least 5 days per week. Excessive sleeping, sitting, and general lack of activity will ultimately have a negative impact on both their current status, as well as how they bounced back after successful liver transplant surgery.
In addition to physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet is equally important. For most of our patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and chronic liver disease, they need to maintain a low salt diet. We generally recommend a diet that contains less than 2000 mg of sodium per day. In some cases, we would like this to be 1500 mg of sodium per day. To maintain such a strict diet, you need to consume fresh fruits and vegetables, and fresh lean meat or fish. I tell all my patients that they need to avoid any foods that come from a box, can, or bag. Eating out, even in what appears to be a high-quality restaurant, we’ll only serve you food that is overly salted, high in fat, and high in calories. There is almost no way that you can maintain a low salt diet to this degree by eating out. Excessive salt in the diet will lead to fluid retention which is a major reason for both physician visits, as well as repeat hospitalizations.
In addition to physical activity and nutrition, patients with a low MELD score need to remain compliance with all of there medications. If you were having any side effects from the medicine, speak with your physician and liver transplant team. Likewise, discontinue medications on your own will lead to problems. Resuming the medications that previously were discontinued, can also lead to problems.
Patients that have a low MELD score need to remain optimistic and not lose hope. This system is not perfect, but generally works in most situations. The reality is that we do not have enough donated organs to share, and this is what leads to problems. Nationally, 30% of patients waiting for a liver transplant do not survive. Patient’s come to our liver transplant programs very late in their disease, when we have very little opportunity to change their course. Patient’s that are referred early, generally will have better outcomes, but at the same time, we will be caring for a lot of low MELD score patients. MELD scores are recalculated every time blood work is obtained, updating there status within the UNOS database. Based on the 3 parameters that are entered into the computer, complications such as infections or bleeding will results in the increase of the MELD score. While no one like to see these complications, which can be life-threatening, they do results higher MELD scores.
Source - The Blog of Dr. Joseph S. Galati
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